肌肉萎缩症
定义
肌肉萎缩症 is a group of disorders that cause muscle weakness over time. The different forms are:
- Duchenne dystrophy (most common)
- Becker dystrophy, which is a milder form of Duchenne dystrophy
- Myotonic muscular dystrophy, which can begin in late adulthood
- Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, which affects the muscles of the face, 肩胛骨, 还有上臂
- Congenital muscular dystrophy, which is found at or near birth and results in overall muscle weakness
- Distal muscular dystrophy, which affects the distal muscles of the lower arms, 手, 小腿, 和脚
- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, which affects the muscles of the shoulders, 上臂, 小腿肌肉
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, which affects the muscles around the hips and shoulders
- Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, which affects swallowing and the ability to keep the eyes open
原因
This condition is caused by changes in genes. These changes cause problems with how the body makes proteins that are needed for healthy muscles. Each form of the disease is caused by a different faulty gene. Some of these genes are passed from parent to child.
风险因素
Duchenne dystrophy and Becker dystrophy are more common in boys.
The risk of muscular dystrophy is also higher in people who have a family member who have it.
症状
The main symptom is muscle weakness that gets worse over time. Other symptoms depend on the type of muscular dystrophy a person has.
Other symptoms that are common in most forms are:
- Muscles that get larger as they weaken
- 肌肉抽筋
- 笨拙
- Frequent falling and problems getting up
- Stiff, contracting muscles
| Severe Muscle Contraction of the Hand |
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症状 of Duchenne and Becker dystrophy are:
- Weakening of the muscles closest to the trunk with later weakening of muscles that are further away from the trunk
- Enlarged calf muscles
- Abnormally curved spine
- 呼吸的问题
- 学习的问题
症状 of myotonic muscular dystrophy are:
- Problems letting go after a 手hake
- 学习的问题
- 过多的睡眠
诊断
The doctor will ask about symptoms and health history. 一个物理 检查就完成了.
Blood tests will be done. The tests will look for enzymes released by damaged muscles. Tests will also look for changes in genes.
一块肌肉 活组织检查 可能会完成. It will identify the type of muscular dystrophy
Muscles and nerves may be tested. This can be done with:
治疗
无药可治. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms. 的选择是:
- Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve range of motion
- Improving movement with supportive devices, such as walkers
- 药物，如:
- Corticosteroids to ease muscle weakness
- 肌酸 supplements to ease fatigue and increase strength
- Medicines to treat other symptoms, such as heart problems
People with severe symptoms may need surgery. Surgery 可能会完成 to release tight muscles or to insert a pacemaker to treat heart problems.
预防
There are no known guidelines to prevent this disease.
参考文献
- Congenital muscular dystrophy. 肌肉萎缩症 协会网站. 可以在: http://www.mda.org/disease/congenital-muscular-dystrophy.
- 远端肌肉疾病. 肌肉萎缩症 协会网站. 可以在: http://www.mda.org/disease/distal-myopathies.
- Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. EBSCO力学 网站. 可以在: http://www.力学.com/condition/duchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophies.
- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). 肌肉萎缩症 协会网站. 可以在: http://mda.org/disease/emery-dreifuss-muscular-dystrophy.
- Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH, FSHD). 肌肉发达的 Dystrophy 协会网站. 可以在: http://www.mda.org/disease/facioscapulohumeral-muscular-dystrophy.
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). 肌肉萎缩症 协会网站. 可以在: http://mda.org/disease/limb-girdle-muscular-dystrophy.
- 肌肉萎缩症. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and 中风 网站. 可以在: http://www.研究所.国家卫生研究院.gov/health-information/disorders/muscular-dystrophy.
- Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). 肌肉发达的 Dystrophy 协会网站. 可以在: http://www.mda.org/disease/oculopharyngeal-muscular-dystrophy.